by Marquetta Smith | May 22, 2019 | Abuse, Physical abuse
The Most Common Form of Child Abuse
According to ChildHelp, 28% of adults report being physically abused as children. Physical abuse is the most common form of child abuse. It is also probably the most easy to understand. Simply put, physical abuse is when a parent or caregiver causes non-accidental physical injury to a child. Non-accidental injury or harm can include anything from slapping, biting, burning, or even poisoning, to throwing, choking, or kicking.
Infants are especially vulnerable to physical abuse. Sustained shaking of an infant can cause non-accidental harm, including brain damage or death. Infants that have not yet learned to crawl usually do not incur injuries on their own.
Long Term Effects
Just as we have seen with the other types of abuse we looked at, physical abuse has long-term effects in a child’s life. Children who are physically abused often suffer from poor mental or physical health later on. Additionally, children who have experienced physical abuse often develop anxiety or eating disorders. Children who are physically abused are also more likely to use drugs and engage in criminal behavior as teens and adults.
Identifying Child Abuse
Anyone who comes into contact with children regularly absolutely needs to know how to recognize signs of abuse. Even people who aren’t regularly in contact with children can spot something unusual when they do see children. In order to protect children from child abuse, an outsider (someone not causing the abuse) usually has to recognize that abuse is occurring and report the abuse to authorities who can investigate the issue further. So how can you spot physical abuse?
Signs of Abuse in a Caregiver
- Can’t or won’t explain injury of child, or explains it in a way that doesn’t make sense
- Displays aggression to child, or is overly anxious about child’s behavior
- Indicates child is not trustworthy, a liar, evil, a troublemaker
- Delays or prevents medical care for child
- Takes child to different doctors or hospitals
- Keeps child from school, church, clubs
- Has history of violence and/or abuse
Signs of Abuse in the Child
Physical:
- Any injury to a child who is not crawling yet
- Visible and severe injuries
- Injuries at different stages of healing
- Injuries on different surfaces of the body
- Unexplained injuries or explained in a way that doesn’t make sense
- Distinctive shape to injuries
- Frequency, timing and history of injuries (frequent, after weekends, vacations, school absences)
Behavioral:
- Aggression toward peers, pets, other animals
- Seems afraid of parents or other adults
- Fear, withdrawal, depression, anxiety
- Wears long sleeves out of season
- Violent themes in fantasy, art, etc.
- Nightmares, insomnia
- Reports injury, severe discipline
- Immaturity, acting out, emotional and behavior extremes
- Self-destructive behavior or attitudes
List taken from ChildHelp
Why do Adults Abuse Children?
Since physical abuse is a bit easier to understand in the context of what happens, let’s take a look at some of the issues that foster physical child abuse. There are often root issues that make adults more likely to abuse children. One cause can be an emotional or behavioral problems such as bipolar disease or an inability to control anger. Adults with family or relationship issues, or those who were abused as children are also more likely to physically abuse children.
Another reason adults abuse children is a lack of parenting knowledge. Physical abuse often comes from parents who have expectations too high for children, or who don’t know how to respond to children. Health issues can also be the root of physical abuse.
While this information is useful in determining where the cycle can or needs to be broken, it in no way excuses a person for their choices. Each person is responsible for their actions whether good or bad and child abuse is certainly not good.
Reporting Child Abuse
Those working with children on a regular basis are considered mandatory reporters for child abuse. If you work with children regularly, you are liable if you see something and do not report it to the correct authorities. Even if you don’t directly work with children, you can and should report things that seem off.
All you need to report abuse is suspicion. You don’t have to have evidence. Child protective services will then investigate the issue. Your reporting could save a child from future abuse. Don’t be afraid to make a report if you see something that doesn’t line up. Reporters are anonymous and are protected by authorities.
National Hotline: l-800-25-ABUSE
GA hotline: 1-855-GACHILD
Written by Hannah Wilson
Article edited by Marquetta Smith, Executive Director of Safe Harbor International Ministries
Sources:
https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/physical-abuse/keeping-children-safe/
https://www.nspcc.org.uk/preventing-abuse/child-abuse-and-neglect/physical-abuse/who-is-affected/
by Marquetta Smith | May 10, 2019 | Abuse, Emotional abuse, Featured Post
Have you ever felt completely alone? So alone, you thought no one cared about what happened to you? Ever wondered if the people supposed to protect and care for you even knew you? So far we’ve taken a cursory glance at child abuse overall and a closer look at child sexual abuse. Another kind of abuse, accounting for 7.3% of child abuse cases, is emotional abuse. Emotional abuse is the most difficult abuse to identify. So, what is emotional child abuse?
Imagine the pain of being completely alone. Ever been separated from your mom in a grocery store as a young child? Imagine the panic you felt. Now, imagine that feeling being with you every moment of every day. These are the kind of feelings emotionally abused children face.
What is Emotional Abuse?
As we mentioned in the article “Child Abuse Defined,” emotional abuse is defined as “a recurring pattern of behavior in which a parent or caregiver harms a child’s mental or social development, or causes severe emotional harm.” Emotional abuse is rarely a one-time occurrence, but often a recurring pattern. This type of abuse can take on several forms: rejection, terrorization, isolation, corruption, verbal assault, and overpressuring.
Forms of Emotional Abuse
Rejection occurs when a caregiver denies a child’s worth and/or the validity of the child’s needs.
Another type of emotional abuse is isolation: making a child feel alone. This can include preventing a child from forming friendships, or from engaging in normal social activities.
Terrorizing is when a caregiver inflicts fear in a child by bullying or frightening them.
Ignoring a child and depriving them of essential stimulation and attention is also abuse.
Corrupting is when an adult grooms a child for destructive or antisocial behaviors, and prevents them from interacting with society in a normal behavioral fashion.
Verbal assault includes name-calling, threats, and excessive sarcasm that tears down the child’s self-esteem.
Sometimes parents put to much pressure on children. This can also be emotional abuse.
Over-pressuring a child to do something that is far beyond their abilities causes much emotional harm.
Abuse always causes long-lasting emotional harm. However, emotional abuse can result in long-term learning difficulties and disruptive behaviors, as well as physical and mental health issues.
So what does emotional abuse look like? As with the other types of abuse we’ve looked at, there are signs exhibited in children and caregivers that allow others to see what may be going on. Let’s take a look.
Signs of Emotional Abuse in a Caregiver Include
- Routinely ignoring a child
- Constantly criticizing, yelling, or blaming a child
- Playing favorites with one sibling over another
- Poor anger management
- Stormy relationships with other adults
- Disrespect for authority
- History of violence or abuse
- Untreated mental illness, alcoholism, or substance abuse
As we’ve seen before, signs of abuse can be seen in children both physically and behaviorally.
Signs of Emotional Abuse in a Child
Physical signs:
- Delays in development
- Wetting bed or pants
- Speech disorders
- Health problems like ulcers, skin disorders
- Obesity and weight fluctuation
Behavioral Signs:
- Habits like sucking, biting, rocking
- Learning Disabilities and developmental delays
- Overly compliant or defensive
- Extreme emotions, aggression, withdrawal
- Anxieties, phobias, sleep disorders
- Destructive or anti-social behaviors
- Behavior that is inappropriate for age
- Suicidal thoughts
Emotional abuse, not unlike other forms of abuse, often stems from a heritage of abuse and/or broken relationships. In order to stop such abuse, a cycle has to be broken. While it may seem strange, the victim of emotional abuse may not be the only one hurting. Especially with emotional abuse, abusers are often hurting and their abuse is a form of retaliation.
- Because of this, one of the first steps to preventing emotional abuse is raising awareness. People need to know what emotional abuse is and why it happens.
- The next step is for communities and individuals to be supportive of parents and families. It is important for parents to learn and be encouraged to form strong bonds with their children. If parents in any stage of parenting have not had a good role model to follow, they might not be sure how to form healthy, loving relationships with their children. This causes dysfunction in the family and can often lead to emotional abuse
- Finally, parents or caregivers should seek help if they are dealing with something such as depression, anxiety, alcoholism, or drug addiction that might cause them to abuse a child emotionally or in any other way.
Emotional abuse is the hardest form of abuse to prove. However, as with the other types of abuse we have looked at, suspicion is grounds for reporting. If you suspect emotional abuse, report it and allow child protection services to do the investigating.
Hotline number: 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453)
GA hotline number: 1-855-GA-CHILD (1-855-422-4453)
Written by Hannah Wilson
Edited by Marquetta Smith, Executive Director of Safe Harbor International Ministries
Sources:
https://americanspcc.org/emotional-child-abuse/
https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
http://www.eschooltoday.com/child-abuse/emotional-child-abuse/emotional-child-abuse-prevention-tips.html
https://preventchildabuse.org/resource/preventing-emotional-abuse/
by Marquetta Smith | May 7, 2019 | Abuse, Featured Post, Sexual abuse
What is Sexual Abuse?
The first type of child abuse we want to take a closer look at this month is Child Sexual Abuse. We defined sexual abuse in the last article as follows: “Sexual abuse occurs when an adult or older child uses a child for sexual gratification, or involves them in sexual acts.”
A child does not have the ability or sound judgment to consent to any form of sexual activity. Thus, any sexual activity involving a minor is child sexual abuse. Sexual abuse can be anything from showing a child pornographic images, to fondling, to intercourse, to sex trafficking. Any one of these issues is enough to make a person’s skin crawl. You might wonder, “How is this even possible?” And yet 21% of adults report being sexually abused as children. To add to the atrocity, 93% of child sexual abuse victims knew their abuser well. Unfortunately, perpetrators are usually family members, family friends, or other caregivers.
93% of child sexual abuse victims knew their abuser.
Sexual abuse has many lasting effects. Most, if not all, children who have been sexually abused face mental, emotional, and physical challenges as a result. Victims of sexual abuse generally experience a sense of shame, and are prone to depression and anxiety long into their adulthood. In many cases, children experience Post Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD).
Not only is the child harmed physically, mentally, and emotionally, but they are made more vulnerable to further abuses down the road. According to Exodus Cry, an anti-trafficking organization, victims of child abuse are prime targets for traffickers and other abusers. 65-95% of minors and adults now involved in prostitution were abused as children. Oftentimes, children who were abused continue the cycle and abuse others if they are not provided with proper counseling and after-care.
Preventing Child Sexual Abuse
What can be done to combat child sexual abuse? How can we identify it and address it in our communities? How can we stand up for the children in our lives?
Talking to Your Own Children
The first step to preventing child sexual abuse is to talk candidly with your own children. Children should be taught boundaries. They need to know that it is not okay for anyone to touch them in certain areas. An easy way to explain it would be to teach them that any area that is normally covered by a modest swimsuit is off-limits.
Let your child know that they can talk to you about anything. Make sure they feel safe confiding in you, and let them know that they won’t get in trouble. Media coverage of incidents can be a useful platform for talking to kids about these types of issues. If your child hears about an incident on the news or at school, you can ask them questions such as, “Have you ever heard of this happening before?” or “What would you do in this situation?” (Rainn.org).
Recognizing the Signs
The next step to preventing child abuse in your community is being able to recognize the signs of sexual abuse. Signs of such abuse can be identified in both the abused and in the abuser.
Signs of Sexual Abuse in a Child
Physical Signs:
- Bleeding, bruises, or swelling in the genital area
- Bloody, torn, or stained underclothes
- Difficulty walking or sitting
- Frequent urinary infections
- Pain, itching, or burning in the genital area
Behavioral Signs
- Doesn’t want to change clothing (i.e. for P.E.)
- Withdrawn, depressed, or anxious
- Eating disorders
- Preoccupation with body
- Aggression, delinquency, poor peer relationships
- Poor self-image, self-care, or lack of confidence
- Sudden absenteeism or decline in school performance
- Substance abuse, running away, recklessness, suicide attempts
- Sleep disturbance, fear of bedtime, nightmares, bed wetting (advanced ages)
- Sexually acting out
- Unusual or repetitive soothing behaviors (hand-washing, pacing, rocking, etc)
- Changes in hygiene (i.e. refusing to bath or bathing excessively)
- Develops phobias
- Expresses suicidal thoughts
- Sexual behavior or knowledge that is advanced or unusual
Signs of Abuse in a Caretaker
- Parent fails to supervise a child
- Unstable adult presence
- Jealous/possessive parent
- Sexual relationships troubled or dysfunctional
- Parent relies on the child for emotional support
Reporting Abuse
If you think you have identified signs of abuse, report it! Reporters of child abuse are always anonymous and protected. Each state has its own laws on reporting, but ChildHelp has developed a national child abuse hotline where people can report suspected abuse. ChildHelp is able to connect you with the correct organizations and resources in your state. Do not try to intervene on your own or handle a situation privately. This rarely prevents future abuse.
If a child confides in you about experiencing sexual abuse, or abuse of any kind, there are some important steps for you to take.
First of all, remain calm. If a child senses disapproval or pain in you as a result of their words, they are likely to shut down.
Second, believe what the child is telling you! Such reports are rarely false.
The next step is to re-establish safety. Develop a plan to prevent the child from unsupervised contact with their abuser. Pay close attention to what the child needs in order to feel safe, even when requests seem odd.
Also, strive to protect the child’s privacy. Do not discuss the abuse with anyone who does not need to know.
Another important course of action is to affirm to the child that the abuse is not their fault. Children need to know that they are not to blame in any way. Do not express anger in front of the child, they may interpret it as you being angry at them for speaking up.
Finally, get help. Report what you have been told to someone outside, a child abuse hotline, or other authorities. Handling the situation privately is rarely effective in preventing future abuse.
Written by Hannah Wilson
Edited and reviewed by Marquetta Smith, Executive Director of Safe Harbor International Ministries
Sources:
Incest Was My Boot Camp for Prostitution
https://www.rainn.org/articles/child-sexual-abuse
https://www.stopitnow.org/ohc-content/what-should-i-do-after-a-child-tells
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/somatic-psychology/201303/trauma-childhood-sexual-abuse/
by Marquetta Smith | Apr 19, 2019 | Abuse, Emotional abuse, Family Violence, Featured Post, Human Trafficking, Physical abuse, Sex Trafficking, Sexual abuse
Think about the children in your community, in your church, the ones who you see every week. Picture your children’s friends, the kids that come over for playdates after school. The reality is, some of them may be victims of child abuse. The CDC, the National Center for Disease Control, estimates that 1 in 4 girls and 1 in 6 boys are sexually abused by the age of 18. Let’s define child abuse.
1 in 4 girls and 1 in 6 boys are sexually abused by the age of 18.
Child Abuse Defined
Sexual abuse, however, is not the only type of child abuse. ChildHelp defines child abuse as a situation in which “a parent or caregiver, whether through action or failing to act, causes injury, death, emotional harm, or risk of serious harm to a child.”
There are many forms of child abuse. These include neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation, and emotional abuse. Caregivers are adults known to the children: teachers, coaches, bus drivers, siblings, and other family members and friends.
The majority of abusers in child abuse cases are well-known to the child.
Physical Abuse
Physical abuse is a situation in which a parent or caregiver causes non-accidental injury to a child. This type of abuse includes: striking, kicking, burning, biting, hair pulling, choking, throwing, whipping, or any other method of harm. Results of physical abuse are bruises, cuts, internal injuries, broken bones, brain damage, emotional and psychological harm, and sometimes even death. 28% of adults report being physically abused as a child (ChildHelp).
Sexual Abuse
Sexual abuse occurs when an adult or older child uses a child for sexual gratification. 21% of adults report being sexually abused as children (ChildHelp). While sex offenders come to mind when people hear about sexual abuse, most perpetrators are well-known to the child. Abusers are usually people a child should be able to trust. Often sexual abuse occurs in the ‘safety’ of a child’s home. Girls (not always, but more often) are often abused by their father, uncles, or older brothers. To add to the pain of sexual abuse, the people abusing them are people they love and trust.
Sexual abuse [usually] occurs in the ‘safety’ of a child’s home.
Emotional Abuse
Another form of abuse is emotional abuse. In most cases, emotional abuse is a recurring pattern of behavior in which a parent or caregiver harms a child’s mental or social development or causes severe emotional harm. Rejection and isolation are just two forms of emotional abuse. When a caregiver demeans a child and instills in them the idea that they are worthless, they are communicating rejection. Isolation is when an adult cuts a child off from normal social experiences.
Neglect
Child neglect is also a form of abuse. Neglect occurs when a parent or caregiver does not provide the care, supervision, affection, and support a child needs. Parents leaving their child in the car in the parking lot for an extended period of time on a 90* summer day are neglecting their child. Neglect also occurs when an infant is left in a crib for hours on end and never allowed to develop normal muscles or learn to walk.
Despite these shocking statistics, child abuse is believed to be overwhelmingly under-reported. Unfortunately, many cases of abuse go unreported and sometimes unnoticed. How is it possible that such treatment can go unnoticed? Under-reporting of child abuse can be largely traced to oblivious communities. Child abuse rarely occurs in the open. When there is a lack of awareness, there is a lack of reporting.
Child abuse is believed to be overwhelmingly under-reported.
The Key: Raising Awareness
People simply don’t notice things they aren’t aware of. As a result, an entire month is dedicated to child abuse awareness. The first step to combating child abuse is raising awareness. Once people are aware that child abuse exists, they need to be able to recognize it. If you know how to recognize child abuse, you can help spot it and stop it in your community. So, what are the signs of child abuse?
Now you have a broad definition of child abuse. Because of the striking statistics, we want to take a closer look at each type of abuse. Keep an eye out for future articles defining and discussing the different signs of abuse. We will also look at ways you can make a difference and work toward preventing abuse in your home and community.
Stay tuned for the next article!
Written by Hannah Wilson
Edited and reviewed by Marquetta Smith, Executive Director of Safe Harbor International Ministries
Sources:
ChildHelp: https://www.childhelp.org/child-abuse/
Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241532.php
by Marquetta Smith | Oct 6, 2018 | Featured Post, Nonprofit Life, Volunteers
Volunteers leave organizations for various reasons. It’s like a revolving door that has been an age-old problem and concern for many nonprofits. There are many reasons why volunteers quit.
After years of working with volunteers and being a volunteer myself, I was able to make a list of the top reasons behind volunteers quitting.
The Top 12 Reasons Why Volunteers Quit
- Volunteers are not inspired nor motivated by leaders. Leadership needs to see volunteers as a valuable part of their entity. Staff, program managers, as well as the executive team need to meet with volunteers on a regular basis. By doing this, volunteers will, in turn, be motivated and inspired by leaders. Volunteers need to see the organization’s leadership.
- They are not treated as a part of the team or organization. Volunteers are not treated as staff members. Most organizations separate their staff and volunteers in many project activities. Volunteers need to feel as though they are a part of the team.
- Volunteers are not trained. Organizations train their staff members, but they do not see the need to train their volunteers. Volunteers must feel they have the required knowledge and skills, and are adequately prepared for their assignments. In addition to providing training for their assignments, volunteers must receive ongoing training year round. This keeps them sharp and up to date on the most proficient ways to complete their task.
- They are not celebrated. Volunteers are not honored or recognized for what talents they bring to the organization. Volunteers need recognition on a regular basis, not just once a year.
- Volunteers are not contacted on a regular basis. Volunteers to be communicated with and contacted on a regular and ongoing basis. I would suggest using multiple ways of communication with volunteers, not just your typical email once a month.
- They are not given clear expectations. They are not given specific roles, responsibilities, shift requirements, and boundaries. Volunteers need as much structure as possible. Don’t assume that all volunteers know what your organization expects of volunteers. It may be clear to you, but not to the volunteers. Just like employees and paid staff are given these things, volunteers should be given the same thing. They are able to do a better job when you provide specific expectations.
- They are not given a voice. Volunteers are not given a voice in the organization. Their ideas may not be welcomed by the leaders. Agencies need to provide a platform where the volunteers can voice their opinions and ideas. You may be astounded at what they can bring to the table. This adds value to the volunteer program and to the volunteers.
- They are not given organizational support. They are not getting the help when needed, and are not given feedback on their work performance. Volunteers need to given job performance reviews where their skills task performance is evaluated. In this review, the volunteers are also able to review their managers and the organization as a whole. The review helps the agency know what the volunteer needs are.
- They are not given a job description. This goes along with providing clear expectations. Organizations give their paid staff members descriptions, so why shouldn’t volunteers have one as well. This allows the volunteer to see what they are required to do, just like a paid staff person. In turn, they feel as though they are a part of the team, and they know what the job entails.
- Their skills are not maximized. Volunteers should not just be seen as manual laborers. They bring many talents and skills to an organization. Many times they are asked to do a task that does not fit their skill level, so they get bored and leave. Volunteers need to feel they are challenged and that their skill set is appreciated.
- They feel alone and isolated. They need to feel as though they are a part of the team. Staff and leaders should connect with their volunteers at a deeper level. Volunteer meetings should include staff as well, as it’s an organizational leadership team. Volunteers should receive phone calls on a regular basis by its leadership team. Volunteers should not only be contacted when there is a project, but called just to say “Hi, how are you?” This makes the volunteer feel like they are appreciated as a human being, not as a set of hands that can complete a task.
- They get burned out. Some organizations only use and rely on using a select few volunteers. In turn, those selected few get burned out quickly. The workload needs to be spread out evenly if possible. The work also will need to be exciting to the volunteers. They should not only be given a mundane task, but give them something they enjoy doing as well.
Results
By correcting these areas, you are more likely to see 3 things take place within your organization:
- Increased participation of volunteers
- Increased productivity of your volunteers
- Increased number of volunteers
Remember, happy volunteers are helpful volunteers!
Written by Marquetta Smith, Executive Director of Safe Harbor International Ministries
